I did a test with my very old Osram BCS 32 Studio mounted on my E-M5 II. Suddenly the SB-800 syncs all the way up to full power.
My conclusion is that this confirms the theories of charlie and Asle, that preflashes from the Olympuses were the cause of the problem.
Does anyone have a better explanation?
As it seems, it's not possible to turn off the preflashes on those Olympus flashes.